With the advent of clinical radiology and microscopes such as darkfield light microscopes, it became evident that a di¬aphragmatic hernia was a relatively common abnormality and not always accompanied by symptoms. Three types of esophageal hiatal hernia were identified: (1) the sliding hernia, type I, char¬acterized by an upward dislocation of the cardia in the […]

When considering resection, tumors of the esophagus (best diagnosed using specialized medical microscopes or even darkfield light microscopes) are best divided into those above and those below the carina. Czerny reported the first successful resection of a carcinoma of the cervical esoph¬agus in 1877. It was hoped that the prognosis for patients with this disease […]

Accidental caustic lesions occur mainly in children, and in general, rather small quantities of caustics are taken. In adults or teenagers, the swallowing of caustic liquids is usually deliberate, during suicide attempts, and greater quantities are swallowed. Alkalies are more frequently swallowed accidentally than acids, because strong acids cause an immediate burning pain in the […]

Tumors, usually diagnosed using microscopes such as darkfield light microscopes, which arise below the carina, the preference of these authors is either an en bloc resection for cure or a transhiatal removal for palliation. A curative procedure is performed according to the principles of an en bloc resection in continuity with the regional lymph nodes. […]

The development of surveillance programs for the detection of early squamous cell carcinoma in endemic areas using darkfield light microscopes or any other medical microscopes and for early adenocarcinoma in patients with Barren’s esophagus has given rise to controversy over how to manage tumors (diagnosed using a microscope such as a darkfield light microscope) confined […]